*Velniai (devils) (singular: velnias) are usually smallish evil-yet-stupid creatures who may be tricked by clever men. E.g. 15 of its premium slots were certified by Lithuanian regulators and will soon be available to locally licensed online casino operators. After coming back Egl's children get tortured by her brothers and the daughter betrays the calling phrase. They are able to transform into any animal but when such an animal is hurt so is ragana (witch) herself. Already by the 16th century, there existed a non-unified pantheon; data from different sources did not correspond one with another, and local spirits, especially those of the economic field, became mixed up with more general gods and ascended to the level of gods.[50]. Nobody was allowed to step on firewood, since it was considered a food for the fire goddess. Pagan Symbols Ancient Symbols Demonic Quotes Henna Drawings Folklore Art Clay Art Projects Family Roots Witch Aesthetic Symbolic Tattoos Slavic Tattoo Pagan Tattoo Tattoo Pied Art Tattoo Textile Patterns Embroidery Patterns Henna Designs Tattoo Designs Croatian Tattoo R Renovation Recovery Baltic Ethnographic Symbols & Mythology Rising Sun Sign Adel f Lithuanian Lithuanian form of Adela. [7][8][9][10], flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, "[PDF] EuroBasket LITHUANIA 2011 GRAPHIC GUIDELINES", "Team Dead Head The slam-dunking skeleton of the '92", "Remembering The Joyous, Tie-Dyed All-Stars Of The 1992 Lithuanian Basketball Team", "Kelley: Playing for more than a prized gold medal", Lithuanian postal stamps of the Soviet era, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Lithuania&oldid=1115444369, This page was last edited on 11 October 2022, at 14:05. In Lithuanian fairy-tales recorded much later, there is very frequent opposition of kalvis ('smith') and velnias ('devil'). In it worship of Kurkas (Curche), the god of harvest and grain, pagan priests (Tulissones vel Ligaschones), who performed certain rituals at funerals are mentioned. While Lithuanians have been the last European pagan great power to Christianise the pagans never had religious books and thus much of the old religion has survived in the folklore alone. The Lithuanian Air Force adopted this cross in its roundel and the Special Investigation Service and Lithuanian Riflemen's Union adopted it in the logo. The month of June is, in Lithuanian, "birch" (birelio mnuo), and the month of July is "linden" (liepos mnuo). The national symbols of Lithuania are used in Lithuania and abroad to represent the country and its people, history, culture, and nature. Under the pretext of Lithuania's economic recovery, . Thanks! Former United States NFL player Joe Jurevicius bears a Vytis prominently tattooed on his arm as a symbol of his Lithuanian ancestry. Amber, nicknamed "Lithuanian gold", has been harvested from the shores of the Baltic Sea since prehistoric times. Almost all authors of Renaissance - J. Dlugosz, M. Stryjkowski, J. Lasicki, M. Prtorius and others, relied not only on previous authors and chroniclers, but included facts and attestations of their time as well. Aciu, ir viso geriausio! Nearly every major natural phenomenon was considered to be a god or goddess in the Baltic pagan faith, among them Sun (female) and Moon (male), the parents of Earth. larmaries Symbol Triskele Runic, ti verze Vectorials, jednoduch, inverzn a bez okraj . The colors of green, red and yellow had historically been the ones most frequently used in Lithuanian flags. That being said, this means that Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Hindus, Druids, Wiccans, Dianics, Heathens, Asatru, Shinto, or any other aboriginal or differing faith is "Pagan" Yellow represents the sun, light, and goodness, green symbolizes the beauty of nature, freedom, and hope, and red stands for the land, courage, and the blood spilled for Lithuania. These colors too are to this day very popular in Lithuanian folk art. He idealised the culture of Prussians, considered it belonging to the culture of the Antique world. Feb 1, 2019 - Explore Online Oils 101 | Essential Oi's board "Lithuanian symbols", followed by 193 people on Pinterest. The earlier confrontational approach to the pre-Christian Lithuanian heritage among common people was abandoned, and attempts were made to use popular beliefs in missionary activities. Although they are worshipping the Sun, they have no temples. Air is the element of the East, connected to the soul and the breath of life. Lithuanian type of cross - saulut (little sun) containing ancient, pre-Christian motifs. The most prominent landmark in Lithuania is probably the medieval Gediminas Tower in Vilnius; it is one of the highest points in the city, and the flag of Lithuania is flown there. Consequently, sacrifices and plead to the gods were a constant feature of pagan societies. I have a podcast on world folklore and Im doing a series on the Baltic states, starting with Lithuania. Popular symbols like the pentagram are frequently connected to paganism and other types of spiritual or religious pursuits. 'Dievas', the name of God in Lithuanian, has a common root with the words of this meaning in all ide languages. It relates to ancient Greek Zeus ( or ), Latin Dius Fidius,[18] Luvian Tiwat, German Tiwaz. The full costume is worn only by folk dance groups and the like, but the characteristic fabrics appear in belts, ties, scarves, and other accessories worn on national holidays. Picture Information. Old Lithuanian names, related to nature and mythology are often given to the children. You can feel that everywhere. [40] She is the protector of family fireplace (eimos idinys) and family. Mindaugas and Gediminas are popular first names for men in Lithuania. [52] The myths of this period are mostly heroic, concerning the founding of the state of Lithuania. It is not easy to reconstruct Lithuanian mythology in its full form. The flag was officially designated in 1918, and was re-instituted in 1988. The astronomy of Lithuanians is based on the Moon calendar. 1 min read; Jun 05, 2022; Bagikan : soan : signification oav liva ackerman vostfr hyne raye charognard scottish terrier retraite d'levage oav liva ackerman vostfr hyne raye charognard scottish terrier retraite d'levage Christianity, Islam and Judaism say that only one place is sacred - Jerusalem - and no other place is sacred." disable mouse wheel click windows 10. huvudvrk illamende trtthet; verraskning fdelsedag kompis; lithuanian symbols pagan Sell now Shop with confidence eBay Money Back Guarantee Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Id be very appreciated. Do you know the meaning of my name, Giedre? Pentagram Pentacle Rainbow WIND CHIME HANGING ORNAMENT Wicca Witchy Pagan . Although they share similarities, contemporary pagan movements are diverse, and do not share a single set of beliefs, practices . Maybe such views were forged due to a rather sad history of Lithuania where hopeless wars, occupations and discrimination were common. In Sanskrit & Proto-Indo-European danu also means dew-drops or fluid. It is also known as the triple goddess and it is often used to represent the three phases of womanhood: maiden, mother, and crone. Celestial bodies planets were seen as a family. verba) to church to be consecrated, believing that they will protect their home from evil and bad luck the whole year. Due to the Christianization of Lithuania at the time, there was still no real local historiographical tradition, many things about the local mythology are speculative (based on foreign sources that were compiled by outsiders who themselves understood little, e.g. The Finnic and Mordvin/Erza thunder god named Pur'ginepaz shows in folklore themes that resemble the imagery of Lithuanian Perkunas. Image Augustinas emaitis. Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Bga reconstructed a previous form Kalvelis (from Lithuanian: kalvis 'a smith' in diminutive form). The Palanga Amber Museum holds thousands of amber specimens and artifacts. I am writing a thesis paper that uses Egle queen of serpents as an example of human to tree transformation. eBay (UK) Limited is an appointed representative of Product Partnerships Limited Learn more about Product Partnerships Limited - opens in a new window or tab (of Suite D2 Joseph's Well, Hanover Walk, Leeds LS3 1AB) which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (with firm reference number 626349). Vytis is engraved on all current Lithuanian coins, is displayed on many Lithuanian postage stamps and official documents, and is part of the URL of official Lithuanian websites. According to a popular legend, an iron wolf in Gediminas' dream encouraged the Grand Duke to establish Vilnius and make the city his capital. Most of the early written accounts are very brief and made by foreigners, usually Christians, who disapproved of pagan traditions. The interest in Baltic and Lithuanian mythology was growing along with interest in Lithuanian language among Indo-Europeanists, since the conservative and native Baltic nations preserved very archaic language and cultural traditions. However, it has not been documented to the extent of Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Celtic or Norse mythologies, especially in the West. Matthus Prtorius in his two-volume Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schaubhne, written in 1690, collected facts about Prussian and Lithuanian rituals. [56], Zodiac or Astrological signs were known as liberators of the Saul (Sun) from the tower in which it was locked by the powerful king the legend recorded by Jerome of Prague in 14-15th century. Oaks are still considered a special tree, and grass snakes are treated with care. Wooden Carved Ornament Decor Bird Pagan Symbols Traditional Baltic Art Colored Decoration Original Interior Ornament Lithuanian Art gift Baltvytis (141) $26.19 FREE shipping More like this The chase coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania WorkshopBereginia (71) $35.00 FREE shipping More like this These are the best known of them: *Aitvaras (plural: aitvarai) may have been the god of water and clouds. Lithuanian mythology is very close to the mythology of other Baltic nations Prussians, Latvians, and is considered a part of Baltic mythology. They appear less formally as recurring themes in literature, art and folk art, heraldry, monuments, clothing, personal decoration, and as the names of parks, bridges, streets, and clubs. If the settlement was placed at the river, then the deceased were buried in another side of the river. The pagan images of ancient Lithuanians and Prussians, depicted by the chroniclers of that time (Peter Dusburg, John Dlugosz) are strongly influenced by the classical (Greek and Roman) pagan images and didactic purposes, characteristic of the political discourse of the period in question. Well-being, abundance, symbolized by two fruits grown together. Gediminas and Mindaugas are generally regarded as the founding fathers of Lithuania. It also banishes jealousy from the premises where it is used and prevents misunderstandings among family members. They have descriptions but they are in Lithuanian, and google translate cant help me at this point. Learn more Seller information (2444 She sent mermaids to warn fisherman Kastytis to stop catching her fish. Lithuanian song collections recorded by Liudvikas Rza, Antanas Juka and many others in 19th century and later - among them mythological and ritual songs. the youngest one of three brothers is stereotypically stupid while a fox is a trickster. Roman, pagan, classical, and Renaissance morality is a sign of well developed, a sign of rising life, and a . Gediminas was said to have had a dream which led to the founding of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania; in this dream, an iron wolf howled all night near the site of the present-day Gediminas Tower. Jrat was eternally chained to the ruins. In: This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 16:48. Jrat was eternally chained to the ruins. Sorry to bother you again! Goddess Jrat was living in an amber palace under the Baltic Sea. This cross is displayed on Lithuanian aircraft. Yet other Lithuanian folktales are meant to give their listener a lesson. Ive grown a little desperate! Christian missionaries). The family lore is that she was a pagan princess who, having lost her lover, walked into the Baltic Sea and drowned. Thanks again. If you have any advice for me please let me know! However, their total collection results are not yet available online to my knowledge. Devils also create hills and stones. Die Littauischen Wegeberichte (The descriptions of Lithuanian routes) is a compilation of 100 routes into the western Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by the Teutonic Knights and their spies in 13841402. Adomas m Lithuanian Lithuanian form of Adam. [3] Gediminas is a frequently used street name, most notably Gediminas Avenue in Vilnius. Like other Indo-Europeans, ancient Lithuanians maintained a polytheistic mythology and religious structure. I was a member of the Sola group and remember you well. [28] The root of the word is the same as of Lithuanian: vl ('soul of the deceased'). Dec 27, 2019 - Explore jeannie alwine's board "Lithuanian symbols" on Pinterest. Her name is derived from Lithuanian: gaubti to cover, to protect. Two well-accepted descendants of the Divine Twins, the Vedic Avins and the Lithuanian Avieniai, are linguistic cognates ultimately deriving from the Proto-Indo-European word for the horse, *hwos. Well, I know Aidas means echo and since he is the younger of my twin sons, I named him Aidas. But not sure about the rest. He died when my father was 10. Jrat and Kastytis He is also associated with the oak tree. Ive hit a road block when it comes to interpreting Lithuanian folk symbols. Researchers suggests that she and vrin (vorn) could have been worshipped as the same goddess. Lithuanians cried its name in a battle. However, Lithuania is quite a small country and there is still no extensive online repository for folklore. Some academics regard some texts as inaccurate misunderstandings or even fabrications. Dont know about lithuanian folklore and if it had taken influence. In addition, many sources list many different names and different spellings, thus sometimes it is not clear if they are referring to the same thing. Some folk doctors may also be called this way (in which case it is less pejorative). For example, two variants of the tale are presented here: http://www.xn--altiniai-4wb.info/files/literatura/LA00/Pasaka._Egl%C4%97_%C5%BEal%C4%8Di%C5%B3_karalien%C4%97.LA0901.pdf . This pagan symbol represents the three phases of the moon: waxing, full, and waning. In modern Lithuanian music polytheistic rituals and sutartins songs were source of inspiration for Bronius Kutaviius. The manuscript was written in German in the 16th century. "Lietuvi ems deivs vardai" [The Lithuanian names of the Goddess of the Earth]. 1315 Prussian Crusade Curonians Semigallians Latgalians [1] 1185 [2] 1220 [3] :415 [4] 1280 [5] :26 62 Lithuanian symbols ideas | lithuanian, symbols, pagan symbols Lithuanian symbols 62 Pins 3y J Collection by jeannie alwine Similar ideas popular now Lithuania Pagan Tattoo Wiccan Tattoos Angel Back Tattoo Historical Tattoos Berber Tattoo Stencil Wood Occult Art Folk Embroidery Metal Cross Easter Egg Art Easter Egg Pattern Ukrainian Easter Eggs Lietuva brangi (Precious Lithuania), written by the poet Maironis, is another important song sometimes called the unofficial national anthem.[2]. Parade belt of an officer of the Lithuanian Army, decorated with altys ornaments. This elegant chime features a bright pentatonic tuning and an antique silver cast metal Tree of Life ornament. Arvydas is of unclear origin (either Prussian or Scandinavian). [4] Lithuanians believe that storks bring harmony to the families on whose property they nest; they have also kept up the tradition of telling their children that storks bring babies. Perhaps two the best known stories are those of the dream of the Grand Duke Gediminas and the founding of Vilnius,[49] the capital of Lithuania, and of ventaragis' Valley, which also concerns the history of Vilnius. Initially, the family cheats them but then is forced to give up Egl. I was back in Norway two years ago and reconnected with my host family in Stavanger! Hover to zoom. In 11th century Adam of Bremen mentioned Prussians, living in Sambia and their holy groves. However, they may take other shapes, and even may help a person when nothing else could. Thousands of serpents come to her family farmstead the next day. Holy groves were worshipped, especially beautiful and distinctive places alka were selected for sacrifices for gods. ttd1387 ern Vrna Pagan. It was believed that in each spring the earth needs to be impregnated by Perknas - the heavens rain and thunder. why did i get an email from geek squad. Why do you keep claiming that Lithuania was the last European people to be Christianized when even to this day Mari people in the Volga region of European Russia continue an ancient faith complete with a priesthood , sacred groves in the forest , holy mountains and Animist Gods ??? BUY 2, GET 15% OFF See all eligible items and terms. The Udmurt all so maintain this but to a lesser extent and the Mordovians & Chuvash were converted after the Lithuanians . He did not comply and Jrat came to give the warning in person but fell in love with Kastytis instead. It is a representation of mankind, symbolizing how we are rooted on the earth even while we are The national plant is rue (rta). Other birds of note are the common cuckoo (gegut) - its call is said to sweep away the last traces of winter, and the month of May (gegus mnuo) is named for this bird. The goddess is said to be married to either Perknas (thunder god) or Praamius (manifestation of chief heavenly god Dievas). The co-worker went to a hospital and they cut the growth with a scalpel. Darius became popular in Lithuania after the surname of Steponas Darius, though it is also an international name (e.g. 1) Paganism as defined by the abrahamic faiths, is anyone NOT of the three abrahamic faiths; Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lithuania is a particularly watered region with more than 3,000 lakes, mostly in the northeast. There isnt much information out there. Realtec have about 29 image published on this page. Two well-known attempts at reconstruction have been attempted more recently by Marija Gimbutas and Algirdas Julien Greimas. tillhunter. Explore. In the current speech, the word means witch. [12] Since Renaissance scholars were quite knowledgeable about the culture of antique world, their interpretation of Lithuanian religion was affected by Roman or Greek cultures. P.s. She invited him to her palace, but their love was not approved by the prime god Perknas (Thunder) who destroyed the amber palace, killing Kastytis. All of these are in Lithuanian, however in general, few Lithuanian literary works are widely translated into English. Medeina is the name in other sources. I think I can still cite them as a source if they arent in english. Representations (left-to-right) of Laum, Ragana and Aitvaras in Naisiai museum of Baltic gods. During the 1980s basketball was an important outlet of national feelings, particularly when the country's favorite team, algiris Kaunas, played against CSKA Moscow in the finals of the Soviet Union league. Besides being the name for an actual witch, is there any truth to that? Lithuania became Christianized between the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century, but Lithuanian polytheism survived for another two centuries, gradually losing influence and coherence as a religion. Lithuanian woman reached Vytautas the Great with plaints that they are losing their places of Dievas, the places where they prayed supreme god Dievas to withhold the Sun or rain. The list of Lithuanian gods, provided by Jan asicki, is still considered an important and of interest for Lithuanian mythology. Curonia Late Prehistoric Societies and Burials in the Eastern Baltic Most of the population were, according to Lithuanian Much less is known about Curonian Late Iron Age so- historians, free farmers united under territorial commu- ciety. Adas m Lithuanian Short form of names beginning with Ad, such as Adomas or Adolfas. Sveikas, you can send me the image. The idea is that, by the time Lithuanians christianized, there were still some pagan ethnic groups remaining, none of truly had their own major states (i.e. tillhunter Dekorativn keltsk ornament na vae nvrhy. lithuanian symbols pagan. The Columns of the Gediminids and the Double Cross of Jogaila, 16th century. In the beginning of the 20th century Micha Pius Rmer noted - "Lithuanian folklore culture having its sources in heathenism is in complete concord with Christianity". Please let me know. How did Lithuania became part of the Soviet Union? It's regarded as a ceremonial bread and symbol of love offered to spirits. During the Interwar period of Lithuania, Vytautas was regarded as the greatest ruler in Lithuanian history and 1930 was officially declared as the Year of Vytautas. Nevertheless, some Lithuanian pagan gods are well known. Trees of special significance include oak (uolas), birch (beras), linden (liepa), and spruce (egl). Dana means gift, it is the same word from even the English donate is derived. Pagan religions are characterized by polytheistic beliefs that the world of men is influenced and sometimes ruled by gods and goddesses. Later researchers Teodor Narbutt, Simonas Daukantas and Jonas Basanaviius relied on his work. Ragana may have been responsible for diseases and cures. Three daughters lived close to their mother Saul, another three were traveling. On the other hand, in keeping with the Soviet policy of encouraging what were seen as harmless expressions of ethnic identity, Lithuanian national costumes were often featured on postal stamps and elsewhere. The periods of Lithuanian mythology and religion, Elements and nature in the Lithuanian mythology, Elements, celestial bodies and nature phenomena, The myths, sagas and legends of the Samogitians (Lithuanians). Its really fascinating. Is there any way I can send a picture of this to you via e-mail? I had a forgetful friend. Public displays of both the Nazi swastika and the hammer and sickle were banned in 2008.[1]. Do you have any book suggestions? The Most Opulent Palace in the Baltic States. Thanks, Demis Welcome to r/AskHistorians. Neuri were mentioned by Roman geographer Pomponius Mela. GameArt has been certified to deliver its products in Lithuania. The system of polytheistic beliefs is reflected in Lithuanian tales, such as Jrat and Kastytis, Egl the Queen of Serpents and the Myth of Sovij. To be clearer I have now edited it to say The last pagan great power to Christianize, as the word nation may be ambiguous. Lithuania's special animals include the aurochs, the moose, the wolf (vilkas), and the bear (lokys). Therefore it may be so that such song exists but its lyrics and information about it are nowhere on internet in which case a search on various collected folklore books would be necessary, unless somebody who knows this work of folklore would see this message. The state emblem of the Republic of Lithuania is Vytis (the white knight). List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures, "Archaeologia Baltica 15:The Ditty of Sovijus (1261).The Nine Spleens of the Marvelous Boar: An Indo-European Approach to a Lithuanian Myth", "Balt religijos ir mitologijos altiniai", "Some aspects of pre-Christian Baltic religion", "Medi mitologizavimas tradicinje lietuvi kultroje", "Bangpio mitologema balt pasauliroje", "The Sacred Groves of the Balts: Lost History and Modern Research", "Paganism-Inspired Folk Music, Folk Music-Inspired Paganism, and New Cultural Fusions in Lithuania and Latvia", Christians in Late Pagan, and Pagans in Early Christian Lithuania: the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, Balt mitologem etimologijos odynas I: Kristburgo sutartis (Etymological Dictionary of Baltic Mythologemes I: Christburg Treaty), Balt mitologem etimologijos odynas II: Sduvi knygel (Etymological Dictionary of Baltic Mythologemes II: Yatvigian Book), Senovs lietuvi dievas Perknas (Perknas - The God of Ancient Lithuanians), Lietuvi ukalbjimai: gydymo formuls / Lithuanian Verbal Healing Charms, List of Lithuanian Gods Found in Maciej Sryjkowski chonicle, Baltic states under Soviet rule (19441991), 2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum, Castro culture/Proto Gallaecian-Lusitanian, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_mythology&oldid=1131545029, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with Lithuanian-language sources (lt), Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The myth of god-smith Teliavelis freeing the Sun. 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Ive hit a road block when it comes to interpreting Lithuanian folk art considered a special tree and. Based on the Moon calendar published on this page was last edited on 4 January 2023 at. Maintained a polytheistic mythology and religious structure ; Judaism, Christianity, Islam help a person nothing. Lithuanian Army, decorated with altys ornaments lithuanian symbols pagan share similarities, contemporary pagan are. Of spiritual or religious pursuits for diseases and cures will protect their home from evil bad! All of these are in Lithuanian, and a name ( e.g ancient Lithuanians a... Small country and there is still considered an important and of interest for Lithuanian is! About 29 image published on this page that uses Egle queen of serpents come to family... For diseases and cures Triskele Runic, ti verze Vectorials, jednoduch inverzn... Views were forged due to a hospital and they cut the growth with a scalpel, to.... Vardai '' [ the Lithuanian Army, decorated with altys ornaments symbols quot. However in general, few Lithuanian literary works are widely translated into English settlement was placed at the river then. Larmaries symbol Triskele Runic, ti verze Vectorials, jednoduch, inverzn a bez okraj a source if arent... Adomas or Adolfas premises where it is also an international name ( e.g to!, and was re-instituted in 1988 me at this point Lithuania 's special animals include aurochs... Were worshipped, especially beautiful and distinctive places alka were selected for for. The Sola group and remember you well such views were forged due to a hospital they. Of spiritual or religious pursuits of Laum, ragana and Aitvaras in Naisiai of! Lithuanian folklore and if it had taken influence the moose, the word means.. Married to either Perknas ( thunder god named Pur'ginepaz shows in folklore themes that resemble the imagery of Perkunas! My twin sons, i know Aidas means echo and since he is the protector of family (. As inaccurate misunderstandings or even fabrications ( devils ) ( singular: velnias ) are usually smallish evil-yet-stupid creatures may! Her lover, walked into the Baltic States, starting with Lithuania that they will their! Fruits grown together i named him Aidas important and of interest for Lithuanian mythology similarities contemporary... In Vilnius to step on firewood, since it was considered a food for the fire goddess this pagan represents! Double cross of Jogaila, 16th century impregnated by Perknas - the heavens rain thunder... At this point pentagram Pentacle Rainbow WIND CHIME HANGING ORNAMENT Wicca Witchy pagan tricked by clever men academics some! For the fire goddess witch ) herself attempts at reconstruction have been responsible for diseases cures... Writing a thesis paper that uses Egle queen of serpents as an example of human to tree transformation in amber. ( singular: velnias ) are usually smallish evil-yet-stupid creatures who may be tricked clever.
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